Oregon Zoo Newsroom: Winged Wonders

Press Release

Grand Opening of the New Butterfly Exhibit

Winged Wonders Fact Sheet

Exhibit Species List

Butterfly Basics

Butterfly Facts

Frequently Asked Questions About Butterflies

Interdependence of Butterflies and Flowers

Silverspot Butterfly Project

What You Can Do to Help Local Butterfly Populations

OREGON ZOO CREATES WORLD OF WINGED WONDERS

PORTLAND, Ore. A bevy of beautiful butterflies will flutter by and light on visitors in a new exhibit this summer at the Oregon Zoo. This temporary summer exhibit, which runs from May 18 through September, will feature more than 20 species of butterflies native to North America.

We asked visitors last fall what special exhibit theyd like to see, and butterflies came out on top, said Oregon Zoo Director, Tony Vecchio. Its our hope that once visitors have been surrounded by these captivating fliers, theyll want to create an environment in their own backyard to attract butterflies.

Visitors will follow a winding pathway through flower gardens to the exhibit entrance where they will receive a butterfly identification brochure. Once inside the exhibit butterflies such as Zebra Swallowtails, Buckeyes, and Viceroys will be the main attraction. Visitors will walk through more than 2,000 square-feet covered by pathways that meander through gardens with water features. Lingering areas with benches will allow visitors to sit back and be totally immersed in a world of winged wonders. Before leaving the main exhibit area visitors can view the life cycle of a butterfly through a pupae display.

An interpretive area will allow visitors to learn more about the butterflies with which theyve just interacted. Interesting, fun hands-on activities will explain how a butterfly uses its senses of sight, smell and taste. The zoos field conservation projects with the silverspot - the only Oregon insect listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act - and Fenders blue butterflies will also be featured.

The exit area will consist of a butterfly garden with locally available plants native to North America. Plants such as the butterfly bush, cornelian cherry, kinnikinick, spirea and dogwood, which attract butterflies, are some of the plants that are planned.
You have to think in terms of plants that will attract butterflies in all stages of their development, remarked Linda Coady Richardson, the zoos horticultural supervisor. The caterpillers plant needs are different from the pupaes, which are different from the butterflys.

Admission to the exhibit is $2, in addition to general zoo admission. General admission is $7.50 (12-64), seniors $6 (65+), children $4.50 (3-11), and under 3 are free.

GRAND OPENING OF THE NEW BUTTERFLY EXHIBIT

PORTLAND, Ore. In the Summer of 2003 a temporary summer exhibit, which runs through September will open with a flurry of colors as zoo visitors are introduced to a multitude of butterflies. This bevy of beautiful butterflies will flutter by and light on visitors. There will be more than 20 species of butterflies native to North America flying by the visitors during the grand opening of the exhibit. We asked visitors last fall what special exhibit theyd like to see, and butterflies came out on top, said Oregon Zoo Director, Tony Vecchio. Its our hope that once visitors have been surrounded by these captivating fliers, theyll want to create an environment in their own backyard to attract butterflies.

Special activities all over the zoo will feature fun for all ages. Children will participate in activities including the Flower Game, where kids dress up like butterflies and other pollinators and carry pollen balls from flower to flower, a Wildflower Safari, and origami. Finger puppets will also be used to demonstrate the importance of butterflies in the pollination process. Adults can take advantage of the experts that will be on hand to demonstrate how to attract butterflies and other pollinators by planting native flowers.

WINGED WONDERS EXHIBIT FACT SHEET

Opening May 18 September 29, 2002

Size Approximately 15,000 square feet, including both indoor and outdoor components. The exhibit structure is 2,880 square feet.

Animals The exhibit will be filled with no less than 450 butterflies at any time, representing more than 20 species native to North America.

Landscaping Approximately 3900 trees and other plants representing more than 80 varieties. About 70-percent are annuals and perennials.

Project Cost $150,000

General Contractor Oregon Zoo

Exhibit Hours 9:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.

Exhibit Admission $2 per person, in addition to regular zoo admission; free for children 2 and under; $1 school group individual admission; $1 for all Oregon Zoo Foundation Members up to Patron level; free for Oregon Zoo Foundation Patron level Members and above. Free Tuesday policy does not apply for this exhibit. No group discount will be offered. Tickets will be sold/issued at the entry gates to the zoo and at the Winged Wonders exhibit; a ticket is required for all admission categories. Winged Wonders admission entitles the individual to re-enter the exhibit the same day with a valid hand stamp.

Zoo Admission Adult (12-64) $7.50; Senior (65+) $6; Children (3-11) $4.50; Infants (2 and under) Free.

Information For general information, call 503-226-1561, or visit our Web site at www.oregonzoo.org.
The zoo is conveniently located on the MAX light rail line, or five minutes from downtown Portland just off Highway 26 by car. We are open everyday of the year except Christmas from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. October 1 March 31 and 9 a.m. 6 p.m. April 1 September 30.

Media Contact Bill La Marche, 503-220-2448 (office) or 503-497-5812 (pager)
Linda DAe-Smith, 503-220-5716 (office) or 503-441-7573 (pager)

"Inspiring our community to create a better future for wildlife."

EXHIBIT SPECIES LIST

Common Name: Buckeye
Scientific Name: Junonia coenia
Description: Found throughout much of North America, but not able to overwinter very far north. In the autumn along the east coast they migrate south in large groups. The Buckeye's telltale eyespots can be effective in scaring off predators.

Common Name: Cloudless Sulphur
Scientific Name: Phoebis sennae
Description: Summer movements bring this butterfly to states far north of its winter range, and autumn emigrations greatly reinforce its northern numbers, sometimes introducing millions to relatively small areas. This butterfly's appearance in the Rockies or New York is a real event. Yet all of these northern emigrants die without returning south.

Common Name: European Cabbage White
Scientific Name: Pieris rapae
Description: The Cabbage White is possibly the most common butterfly species in the world. This species was introduced from Europe around 1860. It prefers open weedy areas, cities, gardens, agricultural fields, and ranges from the coast to the desert.

Common Name: Giant Swallowtail
Scientific Name: Heraclides cresphontes
Description: One of the largest North American butterflies (up to 5 ½ inches). They are sometimes considered a pest by citrus growers and are subject to spraying efforts. This species is capable of flying long distances and occasionally strays into northern and mid western states.

Common Name: Great Southern White
Scientific Name: Ascia monuste
Description: Male and females are dimorphic (look different). Males are white with pointed, full wings. Charcoal scales dust tips and surrounding veins. Females are either like males but with darker margins, or entirely suffused with smoky brown or gray scales. This species builds up to enormous numbers prior to northerly emigrations. The mass movements are very impressive - for days, the large butterflies pass in small clusters, flying in a rapid and very directed manner.

Common Name: Gulf Fritillary
Scientific Name: Agraulis vanillae
Description: As its name implies, this beautiful insect haunts the Gulf of Mexico, and may be seen flying far out over the water. Colonization of the North is temporary, as neither the butterfly nor its host plants can withstand northern winters.

Common Name: Julia
Scientific Name: Dryas julia
Description: The Julia differs in several respects from the other longwings. The female's duller coloring may protect its valuable egg load from attack by predators. The Julia is also thought to be distasteful because its caterpillars feed on poisonous passion flowers. Adults are vigorous fliers but often stop to take nectar at flowers.

Common Name: Long Tailed Skipper
Scientific Name: Urbanus proteus
Description: Considered a pest by farmers and gardeners because of their caterpillars fondness for bean leaves. It is sometimes called a bean-leaf roller although it eats a variety of host plants.

Common Name: Malachite
Scientific Name: Siproeta stelenes
Description: A newly emerged malachite is very bright but their marble green color fades with exposure to sunlight. Malachites may feed all day long and may fly to flowers 38 feet high in the canopy. A southern Florida populations has been establisthed since the 1960s; presumably having emigrated from Cuba.

Common Name: Mourning Cloak
Scientific Name: Nymphalis antiopa
Description: This butterfly camouflages itself against dark bark when at rest. They show a great contrast between under and upper sides. When startled into flight, they may emit an audible click sound. Mourning Cloaks are one of the few butterflies that overwinter as adults. Adults emerge in mid-summer and fly into the fall. After overwintering, they fly again in early spring.

Common Name: Orange-barred Sulphur
Scientific Name: Phoebis philea
Description: The Orange-barred Giant Sulphur has been established in southern Florida since the 1930's. It is a powerful speedster in flight, but pauses often to probe for nectar from many kinds of flowers.

Common Name: Palamedes Swallowtail
Scientific Name: Papilio palamedes
Description: This butterfly is the signature swallowtail of the great swamps - the Everglades, the Great Dismal, Okefenokee, Okeechobee, and Big Cypress. In common with many swamp skippers, the adults love to take nectar from pickerelweed, and they are reported to roost communally in oaks and palmettos.

Common Name: Pipe-vine Swallowtail
Scientific Name: Battus philenor
Description: Pipe-vine Swallowtail Battus philenor Horticulture has increased the rangeof host plants, so this butterflys range has expanded over the years. The vines that these caterpillars feed on is rather distasteful. The butterflies retain the unpleasant taste, causing birds to avoid them. Several other butterflies mimic this butterflys pattern. This mimicry may also protect them from predation.

Common Name: Queen
Scientific Name: Danaus gilippus
Description: The Queen cannot withstand cold winters. Records for northwestern Utah, Nebraska, and Kansas represent temporary immigrations. Male Queens possess brushes, or hair pencils, within the tips of their abdomens. As courtship begins these brushes are extended, releasing a compound that subdues the female during mating.

Common Name: Question Mark
Scientific Name: Polygonia interrogationis
Description: The Question Mark is not found west of the rockies. Like the other anglewings, the adult Question Mark loves sap and rotting fruit. Normally highly alert, these butterflies can actually become intoxicated if the fruit they are drinking has fermented in the sun.

Common Name: Red Admiral
Scientific Name: vanessa atalanta
Description: This species moves north in the spring and also shows some evidence of a loose migration south in the fall. If the winter is mild, some individuals may overwinter in the north, but are not usually year-round residents in freezing climates. Adults frequently land on people and seem to prefer white t-shirts.

Common Name: Red-spotted Purple
Scientific Name: Limenitis arthemis astyanax
Description: The Red-spotted Purple is a mimic of the toxic Pipevine Swallowtail Along the northern edge of its range, the Red-spotted Purple hybridizes with the White Admiral to produce partially banded offspring. Some lepidopterists consider them one species, but genetic evidence suggests that they have come together relatively recently.

Common Name: Ruddy Daggerwing
Scientific Name: Marpesia pretreus
Description: Such a bright, large butterfly draws the attention of birds; perhaps the hooked fore wing tips and hind wing tails divert attacks from vital parts. While the caterpillars thrive on fig leaves, adults love rotting figs, other fruits, and giant milkweed.

Common Name: Sleepy Orange Sulphur
Scientific Name: Eurema nicippe
Description: This sulphur cannot withstand cold winters yet annually penetrates the northerly latitudes - a characteristic pattern of many North American butterflies. The common name, Sleepy Orange, may have come from the butterfly's habit of hibernating through the cooler days of the southern winter. In summer it seems anything but sleepy with its rapid flight.

Common Name: Spicebush Swallowtail
Scientific Name: Pterourus troilus
Description: This butterfly is a Pipevine Swallowtail mimic. This species is native to eastern North America, but on rare occasions strays into Colorado. It is not uncommon to find large numbers of spicebush swallowtails gathered at a roadside puddle. Like many other butterflies, males gather at these mud puddles to take up salts and minerals essential for sperm production.

Common Name: Varigated Fritillary
Scientific Name: Eutoieta claudia
Description: The caterpillars of this species eat more different types of plants than those of almost any other butterfly except the Painted Lady. Both caterpillar and chrysalis are among the most beautiful of all in our range.

Common Name: Viceroy
Scientific Name: Limenitis archippus
Description: The adult, famed as a mimic, resembles the distasteful Monarch. Since birds learn Monarchs are distasteful, they also avoid the look-alike Viceroy. Southern populations of Viceroys mimic the much deeper chestnut- colored Queen instead. In flight, the Viceroy flaps frenetically in between brief glides.

Common Name: White Peacock
Scientific Name: Anartlia jatrophae
Description: Much more limited to the Tropics than its relative the Buckeye, the White Peacock also invades the North. However, it is neither as strong a flier nor as hardy as the Buckeye, and remains a rarity outside its southern strongholds.

Common Name: Zebra Longwing
Scientific Name: Heliconius charitonius
Description: The zebra longwings flight is slow, feeble and wafting. But, if necessary they may dart quickly to shelter. They roost together at night, gathering at dusk.

Common Name: Zebra Swallowtail
Scientific Name: Eurytides marcellus
Description: Occurs only near pawpaw plants (or its relatives). They usually fail to adapt to suburban growth and development so their numbers are declining in many areas.

BUTTERFLY BASICS

Butterfly families

Butterflies and moths are part of one order of insects called the Lepidoptera, which means "scaly wings."

There are about 17,000 species of butterflies in the world and 700 species in North America.

Metamorphosis: From Caterpillar to Butterfly

Metamorphosis - A changing of form, a transformation.

There are two main types of metamorphosis - incomplete and complete.
Incomplete - The immature nymphs resemble the adult with no wings. On the final molt, the nymphs develop wings and genitalia.
Complete - The insect develops through distinct body forms: egg, larvae (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis) and adult. Butterflies are an example of complete metamorphosis.

Female butterflies lay their eggs - up to 1,600 during her lifetime - only on the type of plant that the particular caterpillar species will eat. This plant is called the host plant or the larval food plant. Four to 10 days later, a caterpillar will emerge from the egg.

The role of the caterpillar is to eat, often eating its own eggshell, then move on to devour the larval food plant. Because caterpillars are insects, they have an exoskeleton and have to molt to grow. Depending on the species, a caterpillar will molt four to six times.

The final molt of the caterpillar is an amazing process. Using its spinnerets, the caterpillar attaches itself to a plant or other object. It may hang upside down from a pad of silk or spin a thin girdle of silk that supports it in an upward position. Once attached the caterpillar molts again, however, this time, the chrysalis or pupa is produced under the exoskeleton. This is the resting stage of the butterflys life cycle.

The butterfly emerges from the pupae case a week to many months later, depending on the season and the species of butterfly. When it emerges, the wings are wrinkled and small. It hangs upside down and pumps hemolymph, insect blood, into the veins of its wings to make them expand. The butterfly cant fly away until its wings are hardened.

Now that its wormlike appearance has been shed, the butterfly has four wings, two antennae, compound eyes, which see all the colors we see plus ultraviolet, and six legs. Its mouthpart, proboscis, is now a long, tube-like structure used to drink nectar.

The average life span of a butterfly is two weeks, but can be as brief as two days or as long as a year.

Butterfly Behaviors

Basking - Sunlight is the elixir of life for butterflies. They need it to fly. When basking, butterflies position their wings at a right angle to the incoming light. The warmth from basking is transferred to the butterflys thoracic flight muscles. If you watch a butterfly basking, you may notice that they slowly open and close their wings. They are regulating heat absorption and dispersal.

Puddling - Groupings of butterflies often congregate at pools and along streams and rivers to extract minerals and nutrients from water and mud. Males need extra salts and amino acids for reproduction.

Mating - Once a male finds a potential mate, he flies either above or behind the female, often with an increased fluttering wingbeat. If the female is receptive, the male grasps her with his claspers and transfers a spermatophore. Mating usually lasts several hours and often occurs while the pair is flying.

After mating is completed, the male flies off to find another female and the female begins the search for a host plant. The cycle continues&

BUTTERFLY FACTS

Female butterflies usually are bigger and live longer than male butterflies.

A butterfly has compound eyes: each eye is made up of about 6,000 tiny parts called lenses, which let in light.

The Queen Alexandras birdwing from the island of New Guinea is the largest butterfly; it can have a wingspan of 11 inches!

Most butterflies make no sound, but some in Florida and Texas make a loud clicking sound with their wings.

Butterflies do not get bigger as they age - a young butterfly is a caterpillar!

The female moth produces a scent that a male moth can smell a mile away.

Butterflies are related to crabs and lobsters! Why? Because like those sea creatures, butterflies have skeletons on the outside of their bodies. Theyre arthropods: insects, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes and arachnids.

Butterflies weigh only as much as two rose petals, but can fly thousands of miles.

Butterflies cant hear, but they can feel vibrations.

Caterpillars are not worms. Caterpillars have legs; worms do not.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT BUTTERFLIES

Q. Can butterflies fly without their scales?
A. We have all heard that if we touch a butterflys wings it will not be able to fly. If a butterflys wings are touched, some of the scales can rub off. The slipperiness and easy detachment of butterfly scales may help butterflies escape predators. If a butterfly loses some of its scales, it will be able to fly; however, if a butterfly is over-touched, other damage could be done to the wing which could prevent the butterfly from flying.

Q. Can butterflies repair damaged wings?
A. No! However, butterflies can continue to fly with less than half their wing.

Q. Are there any extinct butterflies?
A. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service currently lists 16 species as endangered or threatened. These are the only species listed; several other candidates are being considered for listing. The only American butterfly known to have become extinct from human cause is the Xerces blue, which vanished from the San Francisco Peninsula in 1943.

Q. Why are butterflies important?
A. Butterflies are ideal monitors for habitat destruction, pollution and the overuse of pesticides and herbicides. Also, since nectar is the food of most adult butterflies, as they visit flowers they transfer pollen, assisting in crop pollination. They are also an important part of the food web.

Q. What are the differences between butterflies and moths?
A. There are always exceptions but generally: The tips of the butterflys antennae are usually knobbed. The antennae of most moths are tapered at the tip and are feathery. Most butterflies are active in the day. Most moths are active at night. Butterflies, at rest, hold their wings vertically over their back. Moths fold their wings over their back or extend them to the sides. A butterflys wings are not hooked together. Moths wings are often hooked together. Butterflies bodies are often slender and smooth. A moths body is often thick and furry. A butterflys pupa is called a chrysalis, not a cocoon. A moths pupa is often within a silken cocoon, or if naked, within the soil.

INTERDEPENDENCE OF BUTTERFLIES AND FLOWERS

Adult butterflies pollinate many different plant species, and many flowers have specific adaptations for attracting them.

Many butterfly attractors bear dense clusters of small flowers that enable the butterfly to sip nectar simply by moving its proboscis from one blossom to another. Such flowers allow the butterfly to conserve energy while feeding.

Most butterflies and many other insects can see ultraviolet, a color that is invisible to human eyes. Many flowers and butterfly wings include ultraviolet in their color mix. Within a species, the presence or absence of these markings typically helps to differentiate between males and females.

Flowers also use the secret communication line of ultraviolet. The flowers color, form, aroma and nectar guides work in combination as signals and signposts to efficiently guide the butterfly or other insect to the source of nectar.

The blooms that we enjoy with our eyes and noses are also the beacons, landing platforms and launching pads for pollinators. In the process, insects get dusted with pollen, which they carry to other flowers. This, in turn, helps the plants produce seeds and reproduce.

Most butterflies prefer flowers that are pink, red, purple or yellow and that are open all day. Most moths lean toward pale or white flowers that open in the evening.

There are orchids in Madagascar that are totally dependent on hawk moths for pollination.

THE OREGON SILVERSPOT BUTTERFLY PROJECT
By Mary Jo Andersen, Blair Csuti and David Shepherdson

The Oregon silverspot butterfly (Speyeria zerene hippolyta) is one of two Oregon butterflies listed as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Once found in coastal headlands from northern California to southern Washington, it has disappeared from all but a handful of sites along the Oregon coast. In addition to habitat losses, one possible factor in its decline has been fire suppression, which allows grass to overshadow its obligate larval host plant, the western blue violet (Viola adunca).

The Nature Conservancys 280-acre Cascade Head Reserve in southern Tillamook County is home to one of the surviving populations. During the last ten years, butterfly monitoring at Cascade Head has shown a dramatic decline in the number of butterflies seen flying. From an average of over 1,000 adults seen most years prior to 1992, only 57 butterflies were recorded in 1998. In response, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) has initiated a habitat management plan that will use controlled burning to increase host plant populations. For the next several years, however, while the population hovers near extinction, TNC, the Oregon Zoo, and Seattle's Woodland Park Zoo have embarked on a butterfly-rearing program designed to maintain genetic variability in the population and increase the likelihood of its natural recovery.

During the 1999 and 2001 flight seasons, ten female butterflies were brought from Cascade Head and induced to lay eggs in laboratories at the Oregon Zoo. These butterflies that were captured toward the end of their life cycle, with the intent that they would have already bred and laid some eggs in the field before being brought into captivity. Every day, the butterflies were fed nectar, a solution of sugar water and egg white, by placing them on saturated cotton balls.

The eggs were collected daily, and put into separate petri dishes. After approximately ten days, many of the eggs hatched out into tiny larvae. Each larvae is about two millimeters long, and under a microscope, can be seen to be a perfect miniature caterpillar! At this stage, the larvae do not eat, but they were given drinks of water by placing them on moist filter paper. After drinking, they were placed in cylinders inside custom made alder cubes, and put into a refrigerator for winter diapause, or hibernation.

Following winter dormancy, the butterfly larvae are fed Viola leaves until they are large enough to be returned to Cascade Head. Larvae are fed until they pupate. They are then returned to Cascade Head ready to emerge as adult butterflies.

This conservation technique, called population supplementation is intended to prevent inbreeding depression often seen in small populations. We hope that improved habitat at Cascade Head will allow the butterfly to quickly recover its numbers and put us out of the butterfly rearing business. In the meantime, this U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service-funded cooperative project may be the butterflys best hope for short-term survival.

WHAT YOU CAN DO TO HELP LOCAL BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS

Reconsider Butterfly Releases

It has become popular to release commercially bred butterflies at special occasions such as weddings, fairs and other events. Although a seemingly harmless practice, many scientists have stated that releasing butterflies into the wild has the potential of harming wild butterfly populations and ecosystems. Their concerns include the following:

Some released, non-native butterflies could mate with wild butterflies, potentially polluting or reducing the genetic viability of wild populations.
Massive releases of commercially raised butterflies may also skew data related to butterfly counts that help monitor the status of wild butterfly populations.
Butterfly breeders, who are not properly permitted by appropriate regulatory agencies or who do not follow industry standards, could produce butterflies that carry diseases and parasites that might spread to wild butterflies.

Since butterflies are considered potential plant pests, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and corresponding state agencies have the responsibility of regulating the butterfly breeding industry. USDA regulates and issues permits for breeding a limited number of butterfly species approved for release. The approval of species for release are also regulated by state agencies.

If you are thinking about releasing butterflies for a special occasion, it is important to consider all of the above mentioned factors. Contact your state agency to determine which species/types of butterflies are allowed for release in your area. And make sure that the organization from which you are receiving the butterflies has all the proper governmental permits.

Thank you for making an informed decision about butterfly releases. For more information, check out the North American Butterfly Association's release about this subject .

Plant Your Own Butterfly Garden

You can create a welcoming environment for butterflies in your own neighborhood. All it takes is water, a sunny location, and some good soil and space for plants.

Learn which butterflies live in your region. Use this guide and books from the library to discover how to attract native butterflies.

Learn which plants are native to your region. Butterflies depend on plants for their survival.

Provide plants that help butterflies survive. Different plants are needed during different stages of a butterflys life. Make sure you have food plants for caterpillars as well as flowering plants that provide nectar for adult butterflies.

Avoid using pesticides in your garden. If a garden is good for butterflies, it is also good for birds, other wildlife and you.

Some Food Plants for Caterpillars

Trees	Caterpillars
black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), quaking aspen (P. tremuloides) and willows (Salix spp.)	western tiger swallowtail, mourning cloak and others (especially willows)
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and pines (Pinus spp.)	pine white
Garden Flowers and Ground Covers
hollyhock (Alcea rosea)	painted lady, west coast lady
Kinnikinnik (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)	spring azure, brown elfin
Vegetables
broccoli, cabbage (Brassica oleracae var.)	cabbage white
beans (Phaseolu vulgaris var.)	gray hairstreak
carrot, dill, fennel, parsley (Umbelliferae family)	anise swallowtail
Common "Weedy" Species
nettle (Urtica lyallii)	Milberts tortoiseshell, red admiral, satyr anglewing
clover (Trifolium spp.)	common sulfur, orange sulfur

Some Flowering Plants for Butterflies

Plants	Bloom Time
mock orange (Philadelphus lewisii)	June/July
mountain balm (Ceanothus velutinus)	April/May
pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea)	August/September
Garden Shrubs
butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii)	All summer
lilac (Syringa vulgaris)	April/May
viburnum (Viburnum carlesii)	April/May
Garden Flowers
bee balm (Monarda didyma)	June/July
black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia fulgida)	All Summer
lavender (Lavendula angustifolia)	June/July
phlox (Phlox paniculata)	June- August
purple cornflower (Echinacea purpurea)	July- September

Information courtesy of Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA.